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今日智慧型系統簡介

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作        者　劉昭麟、許永真

作者簡介　

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參考資料
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3  http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/deepblue/
4  http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/courses/mindsandmachines/Papers/mcdermott.html
5  Drew McDermott, Yes, Computers can think, The New York Times, 14 May 1997. (http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/14/opinion/yes-computers-can-think.html)
6  Gary Marcus, Francesca Rossi, and Manuela Veloso (Eds.), Beyond the Turing Test, AI Magazine, 37(1), 2016. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/issue/view/213/showToc)
7  Eliza Strickland, Doc bot preps for the O.R., IEEE Spectrum, 53(6):32‒37&59‒60,2016. (http://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics/medical-robots/would-you-trust-a-robot-surgeon-to-operate-on-you?)
8  Boston Dynamics on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tf7IEVTDjng
9  Erico Guizzo and Evan Ackerman, When robots decide to kill, IEEE Spectrum, 53(6):38‒43, 2016. (http://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics/military-robots/do-we-want-robot-warriors-to-decide-who-lives-or-dies?)
10  http://futureoflife.org/open-letter-autonomous-weapons/
11  https://www.dartmouth.edu/~ai50/homepage.html
12  Dario Floreano and Claudio Mattiussi, Bio-Inspired Artificial Intelligence: Theories, Methods, and Technologies, MIT Press, 2008. (https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/bio-inspired-artificial-intelligence)
13  http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpage/204/bioinspired-robotics
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17  Randall Davis, David J. Libon, Rhoda Au, David Pitman, and Dana L. Penney, THink: Inferring cognitive status from subtle behaviors, AI Magazine, 36(3):49‒60, 2015. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2602)
18  Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, third edition, Prentice Hall, 2010. (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/)
19  Tom M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw-Hill, 1997. (http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~tom/mlbook.html)
20  Yaser S. Abu-Mostafa, Malik Magdon-Ismail, and Hsuan-Tien Lin, Learning from Data, AML Book, 2012.(http://www.amlbook.com)
21  Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Schütze, Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing, The MIT Press, 1999. (http://nlp.stanford.edu/fsnlp/)
22  Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin, Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, second edition, Prentice Hall, 2008. (https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/)
23  Google Translate: https://translate.google.com/
24  Apple Siri: http://www.apple.com/ios/siri/
25  工業技術研究院文字轉語音Web服務：http://tts.itri.org.tw/
26  Bo Pang and Lillian Lee, Opinion mining and sentiment analysis, Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 2(1-2):1-135, 2008. (http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/llee/omsa/omsa.pdf)
27  Yen-Ling Kuo and Jane Yung-jen Hsu, Bridging common sense knowledge bases with analogy by graph similarity, Proceedings of the Second AAAI Conference on Collaboratively-Built Knowledge Sources and Artificial Intelligence, 22‒27, 2010. (https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/WS/AAAIW10/paper/download/1989/2410)
28  John McCarthy, From here to human-level AI, Artificial Intelligence, 171(18):1174-1182, 2007. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2007.10.009)
29  http://aitopics.org/topic/robots
30  http://aitopics.org/topic/vision
31  http://aitopics.org/topic/interfaces
32  Dan Bohus, Eric Horvitz, Takayuki Kanda, Bilge Mutlu, and Antoine Raux (Eds.), Dialog with Robots, AI Magazine, 32(4), 2011. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/issue/view/196/showToc)
33  Liz Sonenberg,    Peter Stone, Kagan Tumer, and Pinar Yolum, Ten years of AAMAS: Introduction to the special issue, AI Magazine, 33(3):11‒13, 2012. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/issue/view/199/showToc)
34  International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: http://www.aamas-conference.org/
35  Robocup: http://www.robocup.org/
36  IEEE Internet of Things:http://iot.ieee.org/
37  Amit Sheth, Internet of things to smart IoT through semantic, cognitive, and perceptual computing, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 31(2):108‒112, 2016. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2016.34)
38  NTU IOX Center: http://ccc.ntu.edu.tw/
39  IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems: http://sites.ieee.org/itss/
40  Cristina Vilarinho, José Pedro Tavares, and Rosaldo J. F. Rossetti, Design of a multiagent system for real-time traffic control, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 31(4): 68‒80, 2016. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2016.66)
41  Hans J. Berliner, Backgammon computer program beats world champion, Artificial Intelligence, 14(2):205‒220, 1980. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(80)90041-7)
42  Jonathan Schaeffer, One Jump Ahead: Challenging Human Supremacy in Checker, Springer, 1997. (http://www.springer.com/us/book/9781475727333)
43  George Johnson, To test a powerful computer, play an ancient game, The New York Times, 29 July 1997. (http://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/29/science/to-test-a-powerful-computer-play-an-ancient-game.html)
44  http://www.goratings.org/
45  Pigwest。AlphaGo積分超越人類棋王、登上世界圍棋排名第一，《數位時代》，2016。(http://www.bnext.com.tw/ext_rss/view/id/1847944)
46  Angry Birds: https://www.angrybirds.com/
47  Jochen Renz, Xiaoyu Ge, Stephen Gould, and Peng Zhang, The Angry Birds AI competition, AI Magazine, 36(2):85‒87, 2015. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2588)
48  Azad Shademan, Ryan S. Decker, Justin D. Opfermann, Simon Leonard, Axel Krieger, and Peter C. W. Kim, Supervised autonomous robotic soft tissue surgery, Science Translational Medicine, 8(337):337ra64, 2016. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9398)
49  David Gunning, Vinay K. Chaudhri, and Chris Welty, Introduction to the special issue on question answering, AI Magazine, 31(3):11‒12, 2010. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2300)
50  https://www.ibm.com/midmarket/us/en/article_Smartercomm5_1209.html
51  IBM Watson Internet of Things: http://www.ibm.com/internet-of-things/
52  http://futurism.com/artificially-intelligent-lawyer-ross-hired-first-official-law-firm/
53  Alan Bundy, Analysing mathematical proofs (or reading between the lines), Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 22‒28, 1975. (http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/406412/Analyzing_Mathematical_%20Proofs.pdf)
54  Marijn J. H. Heule, Oliver Kullmann, and Victor W. Marek, Solving and verifying the Boolean Pythagorean triples problem via cube-and-conquer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9710, 228‒245, 2016. (https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.00723)
55  Rachel Courtland, China inches toward the exascale, IEEE Spectrum, 53(8):14‒15, 2016. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7524159)
56  拿2016年的Intel i7-4930和2000年的Intel Pentium 4相比較，都還要快上數十倍；參考http://www.cpubenchmark.net/common_cpus.html的評比。加上周邊設備，例 如儲存系統的進化，現今個人電腦的計算能量比起最早期的個人電腦的計算能量超過已經不只千倍。
57  Daniel E. O’Leary, Artificial intelligence and big data, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 28(2):96‒99, 2013. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2013.39)
58  Steve Tadelis, Game Theory: An Introduction, Princeton University Press, 2013. (http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10001.html)
59  Tuomas Sandholm, The state of solving large incomplete-information games, and application to poker, AI Magazine, 31(4):13‒32, 2010. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2311)
60  Annual Computer Poker Competition: http://www.computerpokercompetition.org/
61  Giuseppe Nuti, Mahnoosh Mirghaemi, Philip Treleaven, and Chaiyakorn Yingsaeree, Algorithmic trading, Computer, 44(11):61‒69, 2011. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MC.2011.31)
62  Association for Trading Agent Research: http://tradingagents.eecs.umich.edu/organisation/
63  Lora Aroyo and Chris Welty, Truth is a lie: Crowd truth and the seven myths of human annotation, AI Magazine, 36(1):15‒24, 2015. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2564)
64  Clint R. Bidlack and Michael P Wellman, Exceptional data quality using intelligent matching and retrieval, AI Magazine, 31(1):65‒73, 2010. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2280)
65  Krzysztof Janowicz, Frank van Harmelen, James A. Hendler, and Pascal Hitzler, Why the data train needs semantic rails, AI Magazine, 36(1):5‒14, 2015. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2560)
66  有一些上市公司的財報會蓄意使用一些模擬兩可、難以確認真實用意的陳述。在詩詞歌賦之中，詩人會蓄意讓自己的創作留有多種詮釋的美感，因此詩歌不見得有唯一的詮釋。
67  Frank van Harmelen, James A. Hendler, Pascal Hitzler, and Krzysztof Janowicz (Eds.), Semantics for Big Data, AI Magazine, 36(1), 2015. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/issue/view/209/showToc)
68  Margaret A. Boden, Creativity and artificial intelligence, Artificial Intelligence, 103(1-2):347‒356, 1998. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00055-1)
69  https://humanoids.io/microsoft-develops-a-ai-able-to-understand-jokes/
70  Saša Petrović and David Matthews, Unsupervised joke generation from big data, Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, volume 2, 228‒232, 2013. (http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2041)
71  Rui Yan, i, Poet: Automatic Poetry Composition through Recurrent Neural Networks with Iterative Polishing Schema, Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2238‒2244, 2016. (http://www.ijcai.org/Proceedings/16/Papers/319.pdf)
72  楊智傑。當AI開始作畫、寫歌，演算法的創作會取代人類藝術家嗎？《數位時代》，2016。(http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/id/40623)
73  Stuart Russell, Tom Dietterich, Eric Horvitz, Bart Selman, Francesca Rossi, Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg, Mustafa Suleyman, Dileep George, and Scott Phoenix, Letter to the editor: Research priorities for robust and beneficial artificial intelligence: An open letter, AI Magazine, 36(4):3‒4, 2015. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2621)
74  Sarvapali D. Ramchurn, Perukrishnen Vytelingum, Alex Rogers, and Nicholas R. Jennings, Putting the 'smarts' into the smart grid: A grand challenge for artificial intelligence, Communications of the ACM, 55(4):86‒97, 2012. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2133806.2133825)
75  「Internet of Water” on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHFSPdMDEg4
76  Eric Eaton, Carla P. Gomes, and Brian Williams (Eds.), Computational Sustainability, AI Magazine, 35(2-3), 2014. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/issue/view/206 & http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/issue/view/207)
77  Robin R. Murphy, Disaster Robotics, The MIT Press, 2014. (https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/disaster-robotics)
78  http://www.pcc.gov.tw/epaper/10005/bridge.htm
79  Oral Buyukozturk, Justin G. Chen, Neal Wadhwa, Abe Davis, Frédo Durand, and William T. Freeman, Smaller than the eye can see: vibration analysis with video cameras, Proceedings of the Nineteenth World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, 2016. (http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/th4d3.pdf)
80  Chao-Lin Liu. A simulation-based experience in learning structures of Bayesian networks to represent how students learn composite concepts, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 18(3):237‒285, 2008. (http://iaied.org/pub/1124/)
81  Vinay K. Chaudhri, H. Chad Lane, Dave Gunning, and Jeremy Roschelle (Eds.), Intelligent Learning Technologies: Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Contemporary and Emerging Educational Challenges, AI Magazine, 34(3), 2013. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/issue/view/203/showToc)
82  楊安琪。富士康昆山廠導入機器人大軍，取代6萬名員工，《科技新報》，2016。(http: //technews.tw/2016/05/26/foxconn-replaces-sixty-thousand-factory-workers-with-robots/)
83  陳晶瑩。老年人之長期照護，《台灣醫學》 (Formosan Journal of Medicine)，7(3):404‒413，2003。(http://www.tagg.org.tw/DOWN/特輯/7312陳晶瑩%20_2_.pdf)
84  http://www.rossintelligence.com/
85  Jay Bennett, On the (self-driving) bus with IBM’s Watson, Car and Driver, 2016. (http://blog.caranddriver.com/on-the-self-driving-bus-with-ibms-watson/)
86  賀桂芬。李開復：最大白領失業潮來襲4種「師」首當其衝，《天下雜誌》，第596期，2016。(http://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5075945)
87  Tanya Lewis, Stephen Hawking: Artificial intelligence could end human race, Live Science, 2014. (http://www.livescience.com/48972-stephen-hawking-artificial-intelligence-threat.html)
88  Moshe Y. Vardi, The moral imperative of artificial intelligence, Communications of the ACM, 59(5):5, 2016. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2903530)
89  Sam Adams, Itmar Arel, Joscha Bach, Robert Coop, Rod Furlan, Ben Goertzel, J. Storrs Hall, Alexei Samsonovich, Matthias Scheutz, Matthew Schlesinger, Stuart C. Shapiro, and John Sowa, Mapping the landscape of human-level artificial general intelligence, AI Magazine, 33(1):25‒42, 2012. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2322)
90  Ockham's razor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor
91  Grand Unified Theory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory
92  陳凱傑(翻譯) (原著：Ravi Vakil)。統一中的數學，《數理人文期刊》，第二期，17-25頁，2014。(http://yaucenter.nctu.edu.tw/journal/201406/ch3/main.php)
93  Nils J. Nilsson, The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements, Cambridge University Press, 2009. (http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/QAI/qai.pdf)
94  Association for Advancement of Artificial Intelligence: http://www.aaai.org/
95  http://aitopics.org/
96  Bruce G. Buchanan, Joshua Eckroth, and Reid Smith, A virtual archive for the history of AI, AI Magazine, 34(2):86‒98, 2013. (http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2455)
97  中華民國人工智慧學會：http://www.taai.org.tw/
98  中華民國計算語言學學會：http://www.aclclp.org.tw/index_c.php
99  中華民國影像處理與圖形識別學會：http://www.ippr.org.tw/
100  中華民國模糊學會：http://www.fuzzy.org.tw/
101  台灣機器人學會：http://www.rst.org.tw/
102  中華智慧運輸協會：http://www.its-taiwan.org.tw/C/Home.aspx
103  Peter Stone, Rodney Brooks, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ryan Calo, Oren Etzioni, Greg Hager, Julia Hirschberg, Shivaram Kalyanakrishnan, Ece Kamar, Sarit Kraus, Keven Leyton-Brown, David Parkes, William Press, AnnaLee (Anno) Saxenian, Julie Shah, Milind Tambe, Astro Teller, Barbara J. Grosz, Russ Altman, Eric Horvitz, Alan Mackworth, Tom Mitchell, Deirdre Mulligan, and Yoav Shoham, Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030, report of the 2015 study panel on one hundred year study on artificial intelligence, Stanford University, 2016. <https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report>