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打開AlphaGo ！
電腦圍棋為何能擊敗人類九段棋手

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作        者　顏士淨

作者簡介　顏士淨為國立東華大學資訊工程系教授，專長：人工智慧、電腦對局、深度學習及機器學習。

延伸閱讀 

• 李世乭與AlphaGo 對戰錄影實錄， 這是DeepMind 在YouTube上的專屬頻道。底下是第一局的連結。https://youtu.be/vFr3K2DORc8
• Deep Mind 製作的AlphaGo 線上棋局網頁，包括棋譜和解說（含下載檔）。除了與李世乭的五場比賽外，也包括三局AlphaGo 自行對戰的棋局。https://goo.gl/qpZIa6（繁體中文）
• Silver, David & Aja Huang（黃士傑）et al. “Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search”（2016） Nature 。
• 王銘琬〈AlphaGo 大勝棋王後，人類的下一步？〉（2016 年5月12 日），《報導者》網站。https://www.twreporter.org/a/opinion-alphago

參考資料

[1]         Jonathan Schaeffer, Neil Burch, Yngvi Björnsson, Akihiro Kishimoto, Martin Müller, Rob Lake, Paul Lu, Steve Sutphen (2007). Checkers is Solved. Science, Vol. 317, no. 5844.
[2]         Donald Knuth, Ronald W. Moore, “An analysis of alpha-beta pruning”, Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp 293–326, 1975.
[3]         David Silver, Aja Huang, Christopher J. Maddison, Arthur Guez, Laurent Sifre, George van den Driessche, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Veda Panneershelvam, Marc Lanctot, Sander Dieleman, Dominik Grewe, John Nham, Nal Kalchbrenner, Ilya Sutskever, Timothy Lillicrap, Madeleine Leach, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Thore Graepel and Demis Hassabis, ”Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search”, Nature, 2016, Pages 484-503, Vol. 529.
[4]         David R. Hunter, “MM algorithms for generalized Bradley-Terry models”, The Annals of Statistics, 32(1):384–406, 2004.
[5]         Remi Coulom, “Computing Elo Ratings of Move Patterns in the Game of Go”, ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 198-208, 2007.
[6]         Ilya Sutskever and Vinod Nair, “Mimicking Go Experts with Convolutional Neural Networks”, pages 101–110. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008.
[7]         Chris J Maddison, Aja Huang, Ilya Sutskever, and David Silver, “Move evaluation in go using deep convolutional neural networks”, In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2015.
[8]         Chang-Shing Lee, Mei-Hui Wang, Shi-Jim Yen, Ting-Han Wei, I-Chen Wu, Ping-Chiang Chou, Chun-Hsun Chou, Ming-Wan Wang, and Tai-Hsiung Yang, "Human vs. Computer Go: Review and Prospect", IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine (IEEE CIM), Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. :67-72, August 2016.